Exosomes
From the basics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes to biogenesis, cargo, analysis, and the frontier.
What are Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes (Basics, Classification, Properties)
An introductory chapter on the definition, classification, and basic biology of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes.
Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes (Endosome, MVB, ESCRT)
Explains the molecular machinery by which exosomes form and are released from endosomes via multivesicular bodies (MVBs).
- Exosome Biogenesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
- How extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted.
- About ESCRT in Exosome/EV Release
- What Is an Endosome?
- The Relationship Between Lipid Flipping and EVs
- An 'extra-large bag' bigger than 600 nanometers calls in blood vessels — and the push behind its release came from the 'off' form of Rab18
Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles (Proteins, Lipids, RNA)
Covers the protein, lipid, and RNA cargo carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and how it is sorted.
Exosome Engineering: Surface Modification and Targeting (RGD, Ligands)
Covers the engineering of "targeting" — attaching peptides or ligands to the exosome surface to deliver it to specific cells and tissues.
- Giving a drug-carrying lipid nanoparticle (LNP) an address label: don't stick it on the surface, insert it afterwards. Before or after dialysis, the particle's fate changed
- Loading Antibody-Drug Conjugates onto Exosomes to Target Liver Cancer — Yet This Review Never Names the Antigen the Antibody Is Meant to Hit, or the Drugs It Would Be Compared Against
- Confronting Diabetes's "Wounds That Won't Heal": Delivering Blood-Vessel-Summoning Exosomes with a Dissolving Microneedle
- Turning the "Natural Capsules" Secreted by Stem Cells into Drug Carriers: Engineering and Clinical Safety of MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
Exosome Engineering: Cargo Editing and Functionalization
Engineering that edits the contents of exosomes (proteins, nucleic acids, drugs) — via parent-cell modification or cargo design — to endow them with therapeutic function.
- Rewriting the Blueprint of the Cell That Makes the Sac, Not the Sac Itself — But This Review Prints Not a Single p-Value, Dose, or n
- Confronting Diabetes's "Wounds That Won't Heal": Delivering Blood-Vessel-Summoning Exosomes with a Dissolving Microneedle
- Bispecific Exosome Therapy: An Innovative Approach to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Metastasis
- The system that loads RNA into EVs (exosomes)
- Turning the "Natural Capsules" Secreted by Stem Cells into Drug Carriers: Engineering and Clinical Safety of MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
- IL-10 Becomes Harder to Break Down When Loaded onto Extracellular Vesicles — But Naïve Vesicles, With No Gene Added, Calmed Inflammation Too
Exosome Engineering: Boosting Secretion, Scale-Up, and Storage
Covers the manufacturing engineering of making exosomes as a "drug" — boosting secretion through culture methods, quality assessment, and storage conditions.
- Counting mRNA-Carrying Lipid Nanoparticles One at a Time — The Average Load Was 2.8 mRNA Molecules, and 8 Out of 10 Particles Were Running 'Empty'
- Molecular Mechanism by Which Cortical Actin Depolymerization in 3D Culture Enhances MSC-Derived Exosome Secretion and Therapeutic Efficacy
- Investigating MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) Potency Metrics by Integrating Imaging Modalities with Lipidomic Analysis
- Comparative Evaluation of Storage Conditions for Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Function and Therapeutic Applications
- An 'extra-large bag' bigger than 600 nanometers calls in blood vessels — and the push behind its release came from the 'off' form of Rab18
Exosome Therapy: Nervous System and Spinal Cord Injury
Gathers research on neuroprotective and regenerative therapy using exosomes (EVs) for spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Taking On Spinal Cord Injury With Vesicles Released by Stem Cells From Discarded Teeth — But the Molecule Cast as the Active Ingredient Was a Part of the Cell's “Garbage Disposal Plant”
- Taking on Parkinson's Disease and the "Runaway Immune System of the Brain"—How an lncRNA Carried by Deep-Nasal Stem-Cell Exosomes Rewires Microglial Glucose Metabolism
- Doubling the Injected Dose Did Not Improve Recovery — In Spinal Cord–Injured Rats, What Was Deciding Whether the Exosomes Worked
- The Effect of Exosomes on Spinal Cord Injury
- A New Possibility for Improving Body Growth and Motor Function After Spinal Cord Injury: Intervention with Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes) Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- The Power of Dental Stem Cells! The Potential of "Exosomes" to Heal Spinal Cord Injury
- A Future Drug to Protect the Brain: How iPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Prevent the Overwork Death of Neurons
- The Secret of Steering the Brain's Regeneration Factory: How L-Myc and the Cell's Courier Service (EVs) Unlock the Diversity of Neural Stem Cells
- Astrocyte-Derived Exosome-Mediated Transport of Rps6 Promotes Local Translation and Synaptic Function in Alzheimer's Disease Model Neurons
Exosome Therapy: Endocrine and Metabolic (Diabetes, etc.)
Covers exosome therapy for endocrine and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and its complications (wounds, vascular damage).
- Rewriting the Blueprint of the Cell That Makes the Sac, Not the Sac Itself — But This Review Prints Not a Single p-Value, Dose, or n
- When the obesity-stressed pancreas quietly calls the stem cells next door for backup: how miR-151 vesicles from beta cells turn mesenchymal stem cells into helpers
- Restoring the Aging Liver's Housekeeping: How THBS1 Carried by Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Exosomes Remodels a Fat-Laden Liver
- Confronting Diabetes's "Wounds That Won't Heal": Delivering Blood-Vessel-Summoning Exosomes with a Dissolving Microneedle
Exosome Therapy: Skin and Wounds
Research on therapy using stem cells and exosomes for refractory wounds, burns, and skin regeneration.
Exosome Therapy: Cancer and Tumors
Covers exosomes involved in cancer progression and metastasis, and cancer-treatment strategies that target or harness them.
- Loading Antibody-Drug Conjugates onto Exosomes to Target Liver Cancer — Yet This Review Never Names the Antigen the Antibody Is Meant to Hit, or the Drugs It Would Be Compared Against
- Bispecific Exosome Therapy: An Innovative Approach to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Metastasis
- The Vicious Cycle of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms by Which Cancerized Osteoclast-Derived Exosomes Drive Inflammatory Osteolysis and Tumor Progression
Exosome Therapy: Bone and Bone Metastasis
Covers the role of exosomes in bone metabolism and bone metastasis, and their therapeutic application to bone diseases.
Clinical Translation, Formulation, and Safety of Exosomes
Covers topics bridging to clinical application — the efficacy, safety, and quality assessment of exosome formulations.
- Counting mRNA-Carrying Lipid Nanoparticles One at a Time — The Average Load Was 2.8 mRNA Molecules, and 8 Out of 10 Particles Were Running 'Empty'
- The mRNA vaccine's 'booster' was not the contents but the container — the ionizable lipid hits TLR4 and sets off innate immunity
- Giving a drug-carrying lipid nanoparticle (LNP) an address label: don't stick it on the surface, insert it afterwards. Before or after dialysis, the particle's fate changed
- The Truth About Exosome Products: Efficacy, Safety, and a Look to the Future
- Are MSC-Exosomes Attacked by Immune Cells?
- Turning the "Natural Capsules" Secreted by Stem Cells into Drug Carriers: Engineering and Clinical Safety of MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
- Investigating MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) Potency Metrics by Integrating Imaging Modalities with Lipidomic Analysis
Isolation, Identification, and Analysis Technologies
Introduces the techniques and instruments used to isolate, recover, identify, and analyze extracellular vesicles (EVs).
- Counting mRNA-Carrying Lipid Nanoparticles One at a Time — The Average Load Was 2.8 mRNA Molecules, and 8 Out of 10 Particles Were Running 'Empty'
- Forty Days in Culture, and the Vesicles' Size, Markers, and Yield Were All Reported Stable — Yet Inside Them 1,618 Proteins Shifted in Amount Between Early and Late, and Efficacy Was Never Tested
- Tangential Flow Filtration
- What Is EXODUS, the Automated EV Recovery Device
Research Toolbox (Statistics, Analysis, AI Tools)
A collection of research methods including statistics, omics analysis, flow cytometry, and AI tools.
- Talking with papers!? An introduction to AI tools
- What Is CRISPR Library Screening?
- Understanding the Z-Score in Biology
- What Is the Fourier Transform?
- How is the P-value calculated in IPA pathway analysis?
- Flow Cytometry Analysis: Constraints and Caveats of Isolating Cells from In Vivo Samples
- Large-scale plasma proteomics comparisons through genetics and disease associations
- Spatial single-cell mass spectrometry defines zonation of the hepatocyte proteome
Conferences, Reviews, and the Frontier
Surveys the frontier of extracellular vesicle (EV) research through international conferences such as ISEV and review articles.